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#+STARTUP: beamer
#+OPTIONS: ':nil *:t -:t ::t <:t H:3 \n:nil ^:nil arch:headline
#+OPTIONS: author:t broken-links:nil c:nil creator:nil
#+OPTIONS: d:(not "LOGBOOK") date:t e:t email:nil f:t inline:t num:t
#+OPTIONS: p:nil pri:nil prop:nil stat:t tags:t tasks:t tex:t
#+OPTIONS: timestamp:t title:t toc:t todo:t |:t
#+TITLE: @@latex:\includesvg[height=.25\textheight]{img/prometheus-icon-color}\hspace{1cm}\includesvg[height=.25\textheight]{img/rust-logo-blk}\newline @@Create a simple Prometheus Exporter with Rust
#+SUBTITLE: From scratch to Debian package.
#+DATE: \today
#+AUTHOR: [[mailto:finga@onders.org][finga]]
#+EMAIL: finga@onders.org
#+DESCRIPTION: Create a simple Prometheus Exporter with Rust, from scratch to Debian package.
#+LANGUAGE: en
#+KEYWORDS: prometheus rust programming
#+SELECT_TAGS: export
#+EXCLUDE_TAGS: noexport
#+CREATOR: Emacs 26.1 (Org mode 9.1.9)
#+OPTIONS: H:2
#+LATEX_CLASS: beamer
#+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [aspectratio=1610]
#+COLUMNS: %45ITEM %10BEAMER_env(Env) %10BEAMER_act(Act) %4BEAMER_col(Col) %8BEAMER_opt(Opt)
#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{svg}\hypersetup{colorlinks=true,linkcolor=black,urlcolor=gray}
#+BEAMER_THEME: Frankfurt
#+BEAMER_COLOR_THEME: seagull
#+BEAMER_FONT_THEME:
#+BEAMER_INNER_THEME:
#+BEAMER_OUTER_THEME:
#+BEAMER_HEADER: \institute[INST]{\href{https://onders.org}{onders.org}}
* Objective
** Objective
*** Abstract
Acquire, (process) and serve metrics.
*** What we are actually going to do
Parse ~/proc/loadavg~ periodically and serve its latest values.
*** Example content of ~/proc/loadavg~
#+begin_src
0.13 0.14 0.09 1/273 3160
#+end_src
** Create a new Project
*** New Cargo Project
To begin we create a new Cargo project.
#+begin_src sh
$ cargo new loadavg-exporter
#+end_src
** Project settings
Add meta data to ~Cargo.toml~.
*** ~Cargo.toml~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src toml
[package]
name = "loadavg-exporter"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["finga <finga@onders.org>"]
edition = "2021"
description = "Prometheus exporter example to export the load average."
readme = "README.md"
license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
repository = "https://git.onders.org/finga/loadavg-exporter.git"
keywords = ["prometheus", "metrics"]
categories = ["command-line-utilities"]
#+end_src
** Read from ~/proc/loadavg~
*** ~src/main.rs~: Print content of ~/proc/loadavg~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
use std::{
fs::File,
io::{BufRead, BufReader},
path::Path,
};
fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P)
where
P: AsRef<Path>,
{
let file = File::open(&filename).unwrap();
for line in BufReader::new(file).lines() {
println!("{}", line.unwrap());
}
}
fn main() {
parse_loadavg("/proc/loadavg")
}
#+end_src
** Use of =Result<T, E>=
*** It is "just" an enum
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
enum Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E),
}
#+end_src
*** How to use =Result=
- ~Results~ "must" be used
- There is the question mark operator: =?=
- =?= can only be used in functions that return =Result=
- For more see the docs[fn:result]
- Historically the =?= operator replaces the =try!=[fn:try] macro
** Set some ~clippy~ settings
*** Create ~.cargo/config~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src
[target.'cfg(feature = "cargo-clippy")']
rustflags = [
"-Dwarnings",
"-Dclippy::pedantic",
"-Dclippy::nursery",
"-Dclippy::cargo",
]
#+end_src
** Use ~anyhow~
*** Add dependency to ~Cargo.toml~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src toml
[dependencies]
anyhow = "1"
#+end_src
*** Use ~anyhow~ where suitable
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
+use anyhow::Result;
...
-fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P)
+fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P) -> Result<()>
...
- let file = File::open(&filename).unwrap();
+ let file = File::open(&filename)?;
for line in BufReader::new(file).lines() {
- println!("{}", line.unwrap());
+ println!("{}", line?);
}
+ Ok(())
}
...
#+end_src
** Create an atomic for =f64=
*** Create an atomic =f64= type
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
#[derive(Default)]
struct AtomicF64 {
storage: AtomicU64,
}
impl AtomicF64 {
fn store(&self, value: f64, ordering: Ordering) {
let as_u64 = value.to_bits();
self.storage.store(as_u64, ordering);
}
fn load(&self, ordering: Ordering) -> f64 {
let as_u64 = self.storage.load(ordering);
f64::from_bits(as_u64)
}
}
#+end_src
** What does the =#[derive(Default)]= attribute do?
This calls a procedural derive macro[fn:derive] to generate =AtomicF64::default()=.
*** What is generated?
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
#[automatically_derived]
#[allow(unused_qualifications)]
impl ::core::default::Default for AtomicF64 {
#[inline]
fn default() -> AtomicF64 {
AtomicF64 {
storage: ::core::default::Default::default(),
}
}
}
#+end_src
** Create a storage for the metrics
*** Create a struct to keep the metrics
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
#[derive(Default)]
struct Metrics {
load_1: AtomicF64,
load_5: AtomicF64,
load_15: AtomicF64,
}
#+end_src
** Introduce logging
*** How to configure logging from the outside?
- The =RUST_LOG= environment variable is the answer
- Use =RUST_LOG=trace cargo r= to set the log level to ~trace~ and
run the project
- Use =RUST_LOG=error,path::to::module=trace= to set the overall
log level to ~error~ and the log level of =path::to::module= to
~trace~
*** Add new dependencies in ~Cargo.toml~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
[dependencies]
anyhow = "1"
+log = "0.4"
+env_logger = "0.9"
#+end_src
** Introduce logging
*** Generate some log messages
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
use anyhow::Result;
+use log::{debug, info};
use std::{
fs::File,
io::{BufRead, BufReader},
...
fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P) -> Result<()>
where
- P: AsRef<Path>,
+ P: AsRef<Path> + std::fmt::Display,
{
+ debug!("Read load average from {}", filename);
let file = File::open(&filename)?;
...
fn main() -> Result<()> {
+ env_logger::init();
+
+ info!("{} started", env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"));
parse_loadavg("/proc/loadavg")?;
#+end_src
** Parse the ~loadavg~ line
*** Parse the fields
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
-fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P) -> Result<()>
+fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P, metrics: Arc<Metrics>) -> Result<()>
...
let file = File::open(&filename)?;
- for line in BufReader::new(file).lines() {
- println!("{}", line?);
+ let mut data = String::new();
+
+ BufReader::new(file).read_to_string(&mut data)?;
+ let data = data.trim();
+ trace!("Data to parse: {}", data);
+ let fields: Vec<&str> = data.split(' ').collect();
+
+ if fields.len() != 5 {
+ bail!(
+ "Expected to read 5 space separated fields from {}",
+ filename
+ );
}
...
#+end_src
** Store the parsed values in our =Metrics= struct
*** Before returning we store the gathered data
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
fn parse_loadavg<P>(filename: P, metrics: Arc<Metrics>) -> Result<()>
where
P: AsRef<Path> + std::fmt::Display,
{
...
+ trace!("Parsed fields: {:?}", fields);
+
+ metrics
+ .load_1
+ .store(fields[0].parse::<f64>()?, Ordering::Relaxed);
+ metrics
+ .load_5
+ .store(fields[1].parse::<f64>()?, Ordering::Relaxed);
+ metrics
+ .load_15
+ .store(fields[2].parse::<f64>()?, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
Ok(())
}
#+end_src
** Introduce =tokio=[fn:tokio]
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
*** Add =tokio= to =Cargo.toml=
#+begin_src diff
...
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["macros", "time", "rt-multi-thread"] }
#+end_src
*** Add =use= statements to bring utilities into scope
#+begin_src diff
use anyhow::{bail, Result};
use log::{debug, info, trace};
use std::{
fs::File,
io::{BufReader, Read},
path::Path,
sync::{
atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
Arc,
},
+ time::Duration,
};
+use tokio::time::sleep;
#+end_src
** Periodically poll the data from =/proc/loadavg=
*** Call the loadavg parser in an infinite loop and sleep
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
async fn poll_loadavg<P>(filename: P, interval: u64, metrics: Arc<Metrics>) -> Result<()>
where
P: AsRef<Path> + std::fmt::Display,
{
debug!("Reading {} every {} seconds", filename, interval);
loop {
trace!("Polling loadavg from {}", filename);
parse_loadavg(&filename, metrics.clone())?;
sleep(Duration::from_secs(interval)).await;
}
}
#+end_src
** Make =main= use =tokio=
*** And adopt our =main()= to use it
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
...
- parse_loadavg("/proc/loadavg", Arc::clone(&metrics))?;
+ poll_loadavg("/proc/loadavg", 5, Arc::clone(&metrics)).await?;
#+end_src
** What is =#[tokio::main]=?
*** It is syntactic sugar as following:
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
println!("hello");
}
#+end_src
*** ... just generates this:
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
fn main() {
let mut rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap();
rt.block_on(async {
println!("hello");
})
}
#+end_src
** Serve the metrics data
*** Add dependencies to =Cargo.toml=...
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
[dependencies]
...
+axum = "0.5"
...
#+end_src
*** and import further necessities in our program...
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use axum::{routing::get, Extension, Router, Server};
use log::{debug, info, trace};
use std::{
fs::File,
io::{BufReader, Read},
+ net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr},
path::Path,
...
};
-use tokio::time::sleep;
+use tokio::{spawn, time::sleep, try_join};
#+end_src
** Generate the response string
*** Create the served metrics data
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
#[allow(clippy::unused_async)]
async fn serve_metrics(Extension(metrics): Extension<Arc<Metrics>>) -> String {
format!(
r"# HELP System load (1m).
# TYPE load_1 gauge
load_1 {}
# HELP System load (5m).
# TYPE load_5 gauge
load_5 {}
# HELP System load (15m).
# TYPE load_15 gauge
load_15 {}
",
metrics.load_1.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
metrics.load_5.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
metrics.load_15.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
)
}
#+end_src
** Create a =Router= to route and serve the http endpoint
*** Basically thats our http listener
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
async fn listen_http(address: IpAddr, port: u16, metrics: Arc<Metrics>) -> Result<()> {
let app = Router::new()
.route("/metrics", get(serve_metrics))
.layer(Extension(metrics));
let addr = SocketAddr::from((address, port));
debug!("Listening on {}:{}", address, port);
Ok(Server::bind(&addr).serve(app.into_make_service()).await?)
}
#+end_src
** Read from file and serve http asynchronously
*** Poll loadavg, listen for http and return on error
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
...
- poll_loadavg("/proc/loadavg", 5, Arc::clone(&metrics)).await?;
+
+ let (poller, listener) = try_join!(
+ spawn(poll_loadavg("/proc/loadavg", 5, Arc::clone(&metrics))),
+ spawn(listen_http(
+ IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1)),
+ 8000,
+ Arc::clone(&metrics),
+ )),
+ )?;
+ poller?;
+ listener?;
Ok(())
}
#+end_src
** Early Conclusion
This concludes the first step of creating a small prometheus
exporter.
*** Note
We could have created a more simple solution without using =tokio=
and by parsing ~/proc/loadavg~ on each request. Still, this shows
a bit of =tokio= and further might not appliciable when slightly
more complex requirements are needed.
** The Finishing
Although this example already works here are some additional steps
to improve certain aspects.
*** Further improvements
- Parse command line arguments with ~clap~: The Command Line
Argument Parser
- Use ~cargo-deb~ to generate a Debian Package
- Cross compile the project for other architectures
* ~clap~
** Parse command line arguments with ~clap~
*** What is ~clap~
- There are several ways of how ~clap~ can be used (derive,
builder, etc..)
- Documentation: [[https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/]]
- Examples: [[https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/examples]]
** Add build dependencies for ~clap~
*** Add ~clap~ dependencies to ~Cargo.toml~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
axum = "0.5"
+clap = { version = "3", features = ["derive"] }
#+end_src
** Have a struct holding all arguments
*** Create a struct which holds all arguments
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src rust
#[derive(Parser)]
#[clap(about, version, author)]
struct Args {
/// The path to the file to parse the load average parameters.
#[clap(short, long, default_value = "/proc/loadavg")]
file: String,
/// The intervall how often the file is queried
#[clap(short, long, default_value = "10")]
interval: u64,
/// The IPv4 or IPv6 address where the metrics are served.
#[clap(short, long, default_value = "127.0.0.1")]
address: IpAddr,
/// The port where the metrics are served.
#[clap(short, long, default_value = "9111")]
port: u16,
/// Produce verbose output, multiple -v options increase the verbosity
#[clap(short, long, global = true, parse(from_occurrences))]
verbose: u8,
}
#+end_src
** Make use of the new arguments
*** Parse the arguments and set the log level accordingly
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
- env_logger::init();
+ let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+ env_logger::Builder::from_env(env_logger::Env::default().default_filter_or(
+ match cli.verbose {
+ 0 => "error",
+ 1 => "warn",
+ 2 => "info",
+ 3 => "debug",
+ _ => "trace",
+ },
+ ))
+ .init();
#+end_src
** Make use of the new arguments
*** Pass the argument values to the procedures
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src diff
let (poller, listener) = try_join!(
- spawn(poll_loadavg("/proc/loadavg", 5, Arc::clone(&metrics))),
- spawn(listen_http(
- IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1)),
- 8000,
- Arc::clone(&metrics),
- )),
+ spawn(poll_loadavg(cli.file, cli.interval, Arc::clone(&metrics))),
+ spawn(listen_http(cli.address, cli.port, Arc::clone(&metrics))),
)?;
poller?;
listener?;
#+end_src
* Debian Package
** Build a Debian Package with the help of ~cargo-deb~
*** Create ~debian/service~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src
[Unit]
Description=Load average Prometheus exporter
[Service]
Restart=always
EnvironmentFile=/etc/default/loadavg-exporter
ExecStart=/usr/bin/loadavg-exporter $ARGS
Type=simple
ProtectSystem=strict
PrivateDevices=yes
PrivateUsers=yes
RestrictNamespaces=yes
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
#+end_src
** Build a Debian Package with the help of ~cargo-deb~
*** Create ~debian/default~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src
ARGS=""
# loadavg-exporter supports the following options:
# -a, --address <ADDRESS> The IPv4 or IPv6 address where the metrics are served
# [default: 127.0.0.1]
# -f, --file <FILE> The path to the file to parse the load average parameters
# [default: /proc/loadavg]
# -i, --interval <INTERVAL> The intervall how often the file is queried [default: 10]
# -p, --port <PORT> The port where the metrics are served [default: 9112]
# -v, --verbose Produce verbose output, multiple -v options increase the
# verbosity
#+end_src
** Build a Debian Package with the help of ~cargo-deb~
*** Add the ~package.metadata.deb~ section to ~Cargo.toml~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src toml
[package.metadata.deb]
extended-description = "Load average Prometheus exporter."
section = "utility"
maintainer-scripts = "debian/"
systemd-units = { enable = true }
assets = [
["target/release/loadavg-exporter", "usr/bin/", "755"],
["debian/default", "etc/default/loadavg-exporter", "644"],
]
#+end_src
* Cross compile
** Cross compile for aarch64/arm64
You need to have the right compiler dependencies installed, on Debian
that is: ~dummy~
*** Add targets to ~.cargo/config~
@@latex:\scriptsize@@
#+begin_src
[target.armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf]
linker = "arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc"
[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu]
linker = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"
#+end_src
* Examples
** Example 1: MightyOhm Geiger Counter
*** Abstract
A sensor connected to a system to log the sensor data.
*** Technology
- [[https://mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counter/][MightyOhm Geiger Counter]]
- [[https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b-plus/][RaspberryPi 3 Model B+]]
- [[https://prometheus.io/][Prometheus]]
- [[https://grafana.com/][Grafana]]
- [[https://www.rust-lang.org/][Rust]]
** Example 1: Sensor
*** Reading Data from the Sensor
The Geiger Counter's serial port is connected to the UART port of
the Pi. So our program need to listen on the serial line to
receive the Data
** Example 1: Prometheus
*** Prometheus Exporter
In order to pipe the Data to Prometheus we will open a port to
listen for incomming http requests to respond with the sensors
data.
# ** Reading from the Serial Line
# To start with reading data from the serial line we use the
# ~serialport~ crate. So we do need to add it to the projects
# dependencies.
# *** ~Cargo.toml~
# #+begin_src toml
# [dependencies]
# serialport = "4.1"
# #+end_src
# *** :B_ignoreheading:
# :PROPERTIES:
# :BEAMER_env: ignoreheading
# :END:
# And take a look at the ~seralport~
# documentation[fn:serialport_docs] and a simple
# example[fn:serialport_example_receive] about how to read from the
# serial line.
** Example 2: DHT11 Exporter
* Footnotes
[fn:result] =Result= docs: [[https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/]]
[fn:try] =try!= docs: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.try.html
[fn:derive] [[https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html#derive-macros][https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/procedural-macros.html]]
[fn:tokio] https://tokio.rs/
# [fn:serialport_docs] [[https://docs.rs/serialport/latest/serialport/][~serialport~ docs]]
# [fn:serialport_example_receive] [[https://github.com/serialport/serialport-rs/blob/main/examples/receive_data.rs][~serialport-rs/examples/receive_data.rs~]]